Thespreadofdangerousdiseasesaroundtheworldisnotnew.
Astradeandcolonization（殖民）expandedworldwideoverhundredsofyears,sodidsomedangerousdiseases.Andsmallpox（天花）wasoneoftheworstofthem.
Happily,smallpoxhasbeeneradicated（根除）,meaningitdoesnotexistinnatureanymore.Thestoryofhowsmallpoxwasdefeatediscloselylinkedto（与...紧密相连）theEnglishword,“vaccine（疫苗；牛痘）.”
However,beforemodernsciencemadethathappen,humanshadsufferedfromthediseaseforaverylongtime.Researchersevenfounda3,yearoldEgyptianmummywithsmallpoxscars（伤疤）.
Smallpoxwasasevere（严重的）anddeadlydisease.TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventiondescribessmallpoxasdevastating（毁灭性的）.“Onaverage,threeoutofevery10peoplewhogotitdied.Thosewhosurvivedwereusuallyleftwithscars,whichweresometimessevere.”
Bythe18thcentury,smallpoxwasstillinfecting（感染）andkillingpeoplearoundtheworld.ButinEngland,thereweresomeinterestingstoriesgoingaroundaboutmilkmaids（挤奶女工）.
Milkmaidswerewomenwhomilkedcows.Theywereknowntogetamilddiseasecalledcowpox（牛痘）.AndthescientifictermforcowpoxisattheheartofourstoryabouttheEnglishword,“vaccine.”
Cowpoxisadiseasethataffectscowsbutcanspreadtohumansthroughascratchorcut.Cowpoxwouldoftencauseafewsores（疡）,butitisnotserious.Smallpox,however,canleaveterriblescarsattheveryleastandcausedeathattheveryworst.Butmilkmaidsdidnotseemtogetthedamagingdisease.
ABritishdoctornamedEdwardJenner(-)wantedtofindoutifthestoriesweretrue.So,hedidanexperimentonhisgardener’sson,nine-year-oldJamesPhipps.Jennertookmaterialfromamilkmaid’scowpoxsoreandinjecteditintothechild.
Thenineyearold,predictably（可想而知）,gotcowpox.But,monthslaterwhenJennerexposedPhippstosmallpox,thechildneverbecameinfected.
Jennerperformedthisexperimentonmorepeoplebeforepublishinghisfindings,callingthem:“AnInquiry（调查）intotheCausesandEffectsofVariolaeVaccinae.”
TheLatinterm（拉丁单词）“variolaevaccinae”meanssomethinglike‘pustules（脓包）fromacow.’Apustuleisasmallbumpontheskinthatcontainsorproducesinfectedfluidorpus（脓水）.
And,let’sfaceit,pustule–whetherinLatinornot–isabitgross（恶心）.So,itistheword“vaccine,”basedontheLatinwordforcow–vaca–thatstuck.
Intime,vaccinesbecameknownasthesubstancesthatgiveimmunity（免疫力）fromotherdiseasesaswell.
AndthatisthestoryoftheEnglishword,vaccine…
…whichbringsustotheendthisWordsandTheirStories.
Untilnexttime…I’mAnnaMatteo.
HistoricaleventsrelatedtosmallpoxfromtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention（历史上与天花有关的事件，消息来源于美国疾控中心）
6thCentury–IncreasedtradewithChinaandKoreaintroducessmallpoxintoJapan.（公元6世纪，中朝日益频繁的贸易把天花带到了日本。）
7thCentury–ArabexpansionspreadssmallpoxintonorthernAfrica,Spain,andPortugal.（公元7世纪，阿拉伯人把天花带到了北非，西班牙和葡萄牙。）
11thCentury–CrusadesfurtherspreadsmallpoxinEurope.（公元11世纪，十字军把天花扩散到了整个欧洲。）
15thCentury–PortugueseoccupationintroducessmallpoxintopartofwesternAfrica.（公元15世纪，葡萄牙的占领把天花带到了西非。）
16thCentury–EuropeancolonizationandtheAfricanslavetradeimportsmallpoxintotheCaribbeanandCentralandSouthAmerica.（公元16世纪，欧洲殖民化和非洲奴隶贸易把天花带到了加勒比及中南美洲。）
17thCentury–EuropeancolonizationimportssmallpoxintoNorthAmerica.（公元17世纪，欧洲殖民化把天花带到了北美。）
18thCentury–ExplorationbyGreatBritainintroducessmallpoxintoAustralia.（公元18世纪，英国把天花带到了澳大利亚。）
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WordsinThisStorydevastating–adj.causinggreatdamageorharm
scar–n.amarkremaining(asontheskin)afterinjuredtissuehashealed
sore–n.asoreorpainfulspotonthebodyusuallywiththeskinbrokenorbruisedandoftenwithinfection
expose–v.tocause(someone)toexperiencesomethingortobeinfluencedoraffectedbysomething
pus–n.athick,yellowishsubstancethatisproducedwhenapartofthebodyorawoundbe